Background: Diabetes mellitus is a spectrum of common metabolic disorders, arising from a variety of pathogenic mechanisms, all resulting in hyperglycemia. The number of individuals with diabetes is rising rapidly throughout the world. Worldwide the prevalence of diabetes mellitus is estimated to be 2.8% and is set to rise to 4.4% by 2030. In India alone, the prevalence of diabetes is expected to increase from 30.9 million to 69.9 million by 2025. Despite the availability of many drugs for treatment for diabetes and its complications continue to be major medical problems. Currently available antidiabetic drugs are not completely effective and are associated with adverse effects both in the short and long run. Some studies have reported many different medicinal properties of mulberry leaves (Morus alba) like neuroprotective property, cardioprotective property, antidepressant property. It is used as anti-inflammatory, diuretic, expectorant and antidiabetic in traditional Chinese medicine. So this study is undertaken to evaluate the hypoglycaemic effect of aqueous extract of leaves of Morus alba in Alloxan induced diabetic albino rats.Methods: Total 24 albino rats of either sex weighing 150-200 gms were selected and randomly divided into 4 equal groups containing 6 rats in each group. First group (Non-diabetic control) was given normal saline (0.5 mL). Other 3 groups were induced diabetes by giving Alloxan (150 mg/kg IP). They were subdivided into diabetic control group receiving normal saline (0.5 mL), standard control group receiving Metformin (10 mg/kg body weight) and test group receiving Morus alba extract (600 mg/kg). Fasting blood sugar level was estimated on day 0, 1, 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28 by using glucometer. Data were statistically analysed by Tukey’s Post Hoc test and ANOVA.Results: Morus alba at the above doses significantly reduced blood glucose levels as compared to control group (p<0.01), but as compared to standard drugs (Metformin) it is statistically insignificant (p>0.05).Conclusions: The result suggests that Morus alba leaves have hypoglycaemic activity.
Background: The global prevalence of diabetes in 2014 was estimated to be 8.5% in adults aged 18+years. The risk factors for diabetes are age, family history, obesity, poor health literacy, and physical activity. Although Type 2 diabetes may occur at any age, surveys indicate that prevalence rises steeply with age.
Aims and Objectives: This study aims to assess risk of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) using Finnish Diabetes Risk Score (FINDRISC) and to study association of risk of diabetes with other factors among 1st year medical students in a medical college in South Kerala.
Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study conducted among one hundred and forty 1st year medical students of medical college in South Kerala using universal sampling method. FINDRISC tool was used to collect data on diabetes risk and descriptive statistics and Chi-square test were used for the analysis.
Results: Out of 140 students, 91 (65.0%) had low risk, 47 (33.6%) and 2 (1.4%) had slightly elevated and moderate risk for developing type diabetes. No association found between females and males with the risk of diabetes. The risk of developing diabetes in next 10 years was significantly low among who had body mass index < 25 kg/m2 (P = 0.001), people doing at least 30 min of daily physical activity (P = 0.003), and who are not had the family history of diabetes (P < 0.0001).
Conclusion: In our study, one-third of the students had slightly elevated and moderate risk for developing diabetes in the next 10 years. It is important to identify the risk factors for the development of diabetes early so that preventive measures like lifestyle modification can be implemented.
Background: Schizophrenia is a chronic debilitating disease with significant morbidity and mortality that often requires either typical or atypical antipsychotic pharmacotherapy. Atypical antipsychotic drugs are preferred over typical because of lower risk of extra pyramidal side effects. As there is paucity of data in Indian population, the present study was taken up to evaluate the efficacy of haloperidol and risperidone in the treatment of schizophrenia.Methods: It was a comparative study conducted on 60 patients of Schizophrenia for one year in a tertiary care hospital. The study subjects were randomly assigned into 2 groups of 30 patients each, where group 1 were treated with atypical antipsychotic drug risperidone and group 2 with typical antipsychotic drug Haloperidol and both groups received the treatment for one year. Efficacy was measured using positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS), clinical global impression - severity of illness (CGI-S), clinical global impression - improvement (CGI-I) scales.Results: Both haloperidol and risperidone were associated with comparable baseline to endpoint reduction in symptom severity. However, risperidone treated subjects had significantly greater decrease in symptom severity as measured by PANSS score and total score, CGI-S scale. However, there is no significant difference between two groups in terms of CGI-S score.Conclusions: The reduction in positive, negative and general scores in risperidone treated patients were significant with that of haloperidol treated patients.
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder due to relative or absolute lack of insulin, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels in association with long-term vascular and neurological complications.Despite the availability of many antidiabetic medicines in the market, diabetes and its related complications continue to be major medical problems.The currently used hypoglycaemic drugs in the treatment of diabetes are not completely effective and are associated with adverse effects both in the short and long run.Some studies have reported many different medicinal properties of mulberry leaves (Morus alba) like neuroprotective property, cardioprotective property, anti-depressant property.It is used as an anti-inflammatory, diuretic, expectorant and antidiabetic in traditional Chinese medicine.So this study is undertaken to evaluate the hypoglycaemic effect of aqueous extract of leaves of Morus alba in Alloxan induced diabetic albino rats. OBJECTIVES To study the hypoglycaemic activity of Morus alba in Alloxan induced model of diabetes in albino rats. To compare the hypoglycaemic activity of Morus alba with that of standard drug Glibenclamide. METHODSTotal 24 albino rats of either sex weighing 150-200 gms were selected and randomly divided into 4 equal groups containing 6 rats in each group.First group (Non-diabetic control) was given normal saline (0.5 mL).Other 3 groups were induced diabetes by giving Alloxan (150 mg/kg ip).They were subdivided into diabetic control group receiving normal saline (0.5 mL), standard control group receiving Glibenclamide (0.5 mg/kg body weight) and test group receiving Morus alba extract (600 mg/kg).Fasting blood sugar level was estimated on day 0, 1, 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28 by using glucometer.Data were statistically analysed by Tukey's Post Hoc test and ANOVA. RESULTSMorus alba at the above doses significantly reduced blood glucose levels as compared to control group (p<0.01),but as compared to standard drugs (Glibenclamide) it is statistically insignificant (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONThe result suggests that Morus alba leaves have hypoglycaemic activity.
ABSTRACTBackground: Schizophrenia is one of most serious chronic psychiatric disorder, which affects about 1% of population. Treatment of schizophrenia comprises of typical antipsychotics and or atypical antipsychotics. Typical antipsychotics like haloperidol have extrapyramidal side effects which limit their use in chronic cases. Atypical antipsychotics though have better treatment response, they have metabolic side effects like hypercholesteremia, hypertriglyceridemia and hyperglycaemia. As there is paucity of data in Indian population the present study has been taken up to compare the metabolic side effects of risperidone and olanzapine in the treatment of schizophrenic patients in a tertiary care hospital.Methods: It was a comparative study conducted on 60 patients of Schizophrenia for one year in a tertiary care hospital. The study subjects were randomly assigned into 2 groups of 30 patients each, where group 1 were treated with atypical antipsychotic drug risperidone and group 2 with Olanzapine and both groups received the treatment for one year. Metabolic side effects like hypercholesteremia, hypertriglyceridemia and hyperglycaemia were evaluated and compared over a period of one year.Results: Both risperidone and olanzapine were associated with comparable baseline to endpoint increase in metabolic side effects. However, risperidone treated subjects had significantly less metabolic side effects compared to olanzapine.Conclusions: Apart from total cholesterol and triglycerides, other metabolic side effects were less in risperidone treated patients than olanzapine treated patients.
The predominant organism was Pseudomonas aeruginosa (24/53, 45.28%). The susceptibility of these isolates to fluoroquinolones (91.67%) and aminoglycosides (95.83%) was good. Seven isolates were Enterobacterales. Susceptibility to ampicillin, amoxiclav, cefuroxime and macrolides (each 14.29%) was alarming. Ceftriaxone and cotrimoxazole showed susceptibility of 57.14%. Fluoroquinolone susceptibility (71.43%) was also poor. Antimicrobial therapy based on microbiological evidence is essential for the management in the face of high antibiotic resistance.
Background: Schizophrenia is a chronic mental disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, incoherence and physical agitation. Presently available drugs in the treatment of Schizophrenia are typical and atypical antipsychotics which act on various neurotransmitters like Dopamine, Serotonin and Acetylcholine. Though both classes of drugs are effective in treatment, they differ in tolerability and treatment adherence. Hence present study has been taken to compare safety and treatment adherence of typical and atypical antipsychotics.Methods: It was a comparative study conducted on 90 patients of Schizophrenia for one year. The study subjects were randomly assigned into 3 groups of 30 patients each. Group 1 were treated with Risperidone, group 2 with Olanzapineand and group 3 with Haloperidol. Safety was measured by Abnormal involuntary movement scale, Barnes akathisia scale, Simpson angus scale and pattern of adverse effects in each group. Treatment adherence was measured by number of dropout subjects and pill count.Results: Barnes akathisia scale and Simpson angus scale showed one point improvement in Risperidone and Olanzapine group where as one point worsening in haloperidol group. Abnormal involuntary movement scale showed low scores in haloperidol group. Extra Pyramidal symptoms were more common adverse effect in Haloperidol group where as weight gain in Olanzapine and Risperidone group. Pill count was more in Olanzapine group than Risperidone and Haloperidol group.Conclusions: The adverse effect like extrapyramidal symptoms is more common among haloperidol. Weight gain was common in olanzapine treated patients than Risperidone treated patients but treatment adherence was better in Olanzapine treated patients.
Urinary infections due to Citrobacter is very common, and rising antibiotic resistance complicates the situation.Urine samples received in the microbiology laboratory at Al Azhar Medical College from October 1st, 2018 to September 30th, 2019, were processed. Isolates identified as Citrobacter were studied. 3207 urine samples were processed, of which 2481 showed significant growth. 124 Citrobacter isolates were identified, of which 72 were C. koseri and 52 were C. freundii. For C. koseri, susceptibility to co-amoxyclav, 3rd generation cephalosporins and co-trimoxazole ranged from 60-70%. Susceptibilities to fluoroquinolones and nitrofurantoin was 76-77%. For C. freundii, susceptibility to 3rd generation cephalosporins was around 50%. Susceptibilities to co-trimoxazole and fluoroquinolones was around 60% and for nitrofurantoin, it was 67.31%. Susceptibility for both was good for aminoglycosides and piperacillin-tazobactam. Nearly 45% isolates were resistant to 3 or more antibiotic classes. Our data shows that upto a third of urinary infections due to Citrobacter can end up with treatment failure with the usual empirical antibiotics, and the management must be tailored based on evidence from culture and sensitivity reports.
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